Both were widely influential, promoting greater uniformity between jurisdictions and tending to promote the automobile's priority in city streets. For almost 6 months, the three children lived at the White House. The Hoovers came from Miami County, Ohio, and the Minthorns from Canada. Hoover's retirement was over 31 years long, one of the longest presidential retirements. [12] She worked on Bush's 2004 reelection campaign and was Deputy Finance Director for Rudy Giuliani's presidential bid in 200607. [81] The Food Administration shipped 23 million metric tons of food to the Allied Powers, preventing their collapse and earning Hoover great acclaim. }); The Hoover grandchildren at the White House. [89], Despite the opposition of Senator Henry Cabot Lodge and other Republicans, Hoover provided aid to the defeated German nation after the war, as well as relief to famine-stricken Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. According to Professor David E. Hamilton, historians have credited Hoover for his genuine belief in voluntarism and cooperation, as well as the innovation of some of his programs. [40] They have a son, Jack, born in 2013, and a daughter, Toula Lou, born in 2015.[41][42]. [151] This optimism concealed several threats to sustained U.S. economic growth, including a persistent farm crisis, a saturation of consumer goods like automobiles, and growing income inequality. [233] As Coolidge, Harding, Wilson, and Taft had all died during the 1920s or early 1930s and Roosevelt died in office, Hoover was the sole living former president from 1933 to 1953. [44] Hoover thought of himself and his associates as "engineering doctors to sick concerns", and he earned a reputation as a "doctor of sick mines". [20][b] During his freshman year, he switched his major from mechanical engineering to geology after working for John Casper Branner, the chair of Stanford's geology department. Family Time Line . Hoover had six grandchildren- they are Margaret Ann Hoover (born 1926). Midred Brooke Hoover (1901-1983), married to Cornelius Willis. Because automotive trade associations were the best organized, many of the positions taken by the conferences reflected their interests. [65], The German invasion of Belgium in August 1914 set off a food crisis in Belgium, which relied heavily on food imports. [248] By the end of January, it had already sent more than two million dollars to the Finns. Averse to giving political speeches, Hoover largely stayed out of the fray and left the campaigning to Curtis and other Republicans. formId: "efb0c531-3778-431e-bef8-0350280cc02e", Permission was sought from former President Herbert Hoover to use his name on the building. More issues arose in 1904 after the British government formed two separate royal commissions to investigate Bewick's labor practices and financial dealings in Western Australia. He felt that his grandchildren, like any of his personal affairs, were not for public view. When he was 11, Herbert was sent to Newberg, Oregon, to live with Hulda's brother, Dr. Henry John Minthorn, and his family Herbert attended the . [51]:102108[53], In his spare time, Hoover wrote. While he clearly played important roles in the development of both the progressive and conservative traditions, neither side will embrace him for fear of contamination with the other. 11/06/1928 (31-1928-35) Download Print. [141], Hoover's detractors wondered why he did not do anything to reapportion congress after the 1920 United States Census which saw an increase in urban and immigrant populations. [54] Hoover became deeply interested in the history of science, and he was especially drawn to the De re metallica, an influential 16th century work on mining and metallurgy by Georgius Agricola. He was a member of the Republican Party, holding office during the onset of the Great Depression in the United States.A self-made man who became rich as a mining engineer, Hoover led the Commission for Relief in Belgium, served as the . [212], Hoover placed a priority on disarmament, which he hoped would allow the United States to shift money from the military to domestic needs. The Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum is located in West Branch, Iowa next to the Herbert Hoover National Historic Site. [214] As a result of Hoover's efforts, the United States and other major naval powers signed the 1930 London Naval Treaty. [93] During the post-war period, Hoover also served as the president of the Federated American Engineering Societies. She is the daughter of Jean Williams and Andrew Hoover. [23] Though he was initially shy among fellow students, Hoover won election as student treasurer and became known for his distaste for fraternities and sororities. involvement. Scholars were sent to Europe to collect pamphlets, society publications, government documents, newspapers, posters, proclamations, and other ephemeral materials related to the war and the revolutions that followed it. "Hoover and the Indians: the Case for Continuity in Federal Indian Policy, 19001933". Herbert Charles Hoover (1903-1969), married 1925 to Margaret Ava Watson (1905-1983). [138] Historians agree that Hoover's national reputation and the booming economy, combined with deep splits in the Democratic Party over religion and Prohibition, guaranteed his landslide victory. An error has occured while loading the map. Hoover usually awoke at 6 a.m. and exercised with a medicine ball, along with select members of his cabinet and staff, Supreme Court justices, and invited congressmen. Fall, were implicated in major scandals, Hoover emerged largely unscathed from investigations into the Harding administration. [201] During the 1930s, approximately one million Mexican Americans were forcibly "repatriated" to Mexico; approximately sixty percent of those deported were birthright citizens. [204], On taking office, Hoover urged Americans to obey the Eighteenth Amendment and the Volstead Act, which had established Prohibition across the United States. [231] Hoover won 39.7 percent of the popular vote, a plunge of 26 percentage points from his result in the 1928 election. [163] These actions were collectively designed to prevent a cycle of deflation and provide a fiscal stimulus. Hoover and his family moved to Stone County in 1967. [242] He was active in the isolationist America First Committee. Mrs. Claus made a surprise appearance and accepted the presents on behalf of Santa Claus, who was working hard but could not, by himself, take care of all the deserving little boys and girls. [67] The CRB obtained and imported millions of tons of foodstuffs for the CNSA to distribute, and helped ensure that the German army did not appropriate the food. [36] An open feud developed between Hoover and his boss, Ernest Williams, but Bewick's leaders defused the situation by offering Hoover a compelling position in China. It cannot be done unless we exterminate or move 25,000,000 people out of it. [133] The Democrats nominated New York governor Al Smith, who became the first Catholic major party nominee for president. [68] [69], Hoover worked 14-hour days from London, administering the distribution of over two million tons of food to nine million war victims. Herbert and Lou Henry Hoovers grandchildren were an important but little publicized part of the Hoover White House. [19], Hoover was a member of the inaugural "Pioneer Class" of Stanford University, entering in 1891 despite failing all the entrance exams except mathematics. He led the federal response to the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927. Your email address will not be published. [217] In response to the Japanese invasion, Hoover and Secretary of State Stimson outlined the Stimson Doctrine, which held that the United States would not recognize territories gained by force. [176] As the worldwide economy worsened, democratic governments fell; in Germany, Nazi Party leader Adolf Hitler assumed power and dismantled the Weimar Republic. Left to right: Kitty, Peggy Ann, Herbert and Harry. [108], Between 1923 and 1929, the number of families with radios grew from 300,000 to 10 million,[109] and Hoover's tenure as Secretary of Commerce heavily influenced radio use in the United States. In 1929 Hoover assumed the presidency during a period of widespread economic stability. [20][21] Hoover is an advocate for gay rights, including gay marriage, arguing that individual freedom and marriage are conservative values. [175] The Hoover Moratorium was warmly received in Europe and the United States, but Germany remained on the brink of defaulting on its loans. [10] Hoover's mother died in 1884 of typhoid, leaving Hoover, his older brother, Theodore, and his younger sister, May, as orphans. [162] At the same time, Hoover opposed congressional proposals to provide federal relief to the unemployed, as he believed that such programs were the responsibility of state and local governments and philanthropic organizations. By May 1931 Herbert Jr. had recuperated from his illness, and he and his wife reunited with the children at the White House. To eliminate waste, he encouraged standardization of products like automobile tires and baby bottle nipples. [13] She also worked as a staffer on Capitol Hill for Congressman Mario Daz-Balart, and as Advisor to the Deputy Secretary at the Department of Homeland Security. [122] Though Hoover received wide acclaim for his role in the crisis, he ordered the suppression of reports of mistreatment of African Americans in refugee camps. His mother, Hulda (Minthorn) Hoover, was born in Norwich, Ontario, Canada of English and Irish (probably Scots-Irish) descent. Herbert Hoover. [202] According to legal professor Kevin R. Johnson, the repatriation campaign meets the modern legal standards of ethnic cleansing, as it involved the forced removal of a racial minority by government actors. That he took these beliefs to heart became evident when he emerged from the carnage of the First World War as an American and . [140] Hoover's victory was positively received by newspapers; one wrote that Hoover would "drive so forcefully at the tasks now before the nation that the end of his eight years as president will find us looking back on an era of prodigious achievement". [3] Polls of historians and political scientists have generally ranked Hoover in the bottom third of presidents. 1879 1879. Like most other citizens of West Branch, Jesse and Hulda were Quakers. Herbert Jr., Margaret, Peggy Ann and Peter stayed at the White House for ten days after the Inauguration, and the two young children provided a lively atmosphere to begin the new administration. [286] Like many of his peers Hoover considered Whites to be inherently superior to Blacks in most spheres and that interracial marriages were bad; however, he did think education and work would improve Blacks, hence his support for the Tuskegee Institute. [36] They would remain married until Lou Henry Hoover's death in 1944. [100] Hoover's progressive stances, continuing support for the League of Nations, and recent conversion to the Republican Party aroused opposition to his appointment from many Senate Republicans. ", Polsky, Andrew J., and Olesya Tkacheva. [61] After 1916, the Hoovers began living in the United States, maintaining homes in Stanford, California, and Washington, D.C.[62]. 5 children. Christmas 1931 proved to be the last visit of the grandchildren to the Hoover White House. King Neptune Ceremony. [237] In the general election, Hoover delivered numerous well-publicized speeches on behalf of Landon, but Landon was defeated by Roosevelt. [10][11], Hoover worked for the George W. Bush administration as associate director of Intergovernmental Affairs. [152] Most dangerous of all to the economy was excessive speculation that had raised stock prices far beyond their value. [38] He became deeply interested in Chinese history, but gave up on learning the language to a fluent level. The blog of the Herbert Hoover Library and Museum. He strongly criticized Roosevelt's foreign policy and New Deal domestic agenda. Both were Quakers. Hoover proposed a new constitutional amendment that was vague on particulars. 2 daughters. [28] In 2014, she hosted the Toyota Solutions Studio at the Women In The World conference held at Lincoln Center, where she interviewed several participants. One of the commissions started by Hoover, the Research Committee on Social Trends, was tasked with surveying the entirety of American society. Herbert "Pete" Hoover III (1927-2010). Also located at Stanford is the Hoover Institution, a think tank and research institution started by Hoover. [228] In his campaign trips around the country, Hoover was faced with perhaps the most hostile crowds ever seen by a sitting president. Myers, William Starr; Walter H. Newton, eds. 2 sons. Peggy Ann and Herbert Hoover III received a message of Christmas greetings from the children of Washington, D.C on December 24, 1930. Besides having his train and motorcades pelted with eggs and rotten fruit, he was often heckled while speaking, and on several occasions, the Secret Service halted attempts to hurt Hoover, including capturing one man nearing Hoover carrying sticks of dynamite, and another already having removed several spikes from the rails in front of the president's train. Wrong username or password. [200] Many of the deportations were overseen by state and local authorities who acted on the encouragement of the Hoover Administration. [28] He first went to Coolgardie, then the center of the Eastern Goldfields, which was actually in Western Australia, receiving a $5,000 salary (equivalent to $162,860 in 2021). Menu. Tragedy struck the family when his father died in 1880 and his mother too perished a few years later in 1884. [117], With the goal of encouraging wise business investments, Hoover made the Commerce Department a clearinghouse of information. [48] The Zinc Corporation developed the froth flotation process to extract zinc from lead-silver ore[49] and operated the world's first selective ore differential flotation plant. Afterwards, Hoover's wife, Lou Henry Hoover, who had been buried in Palo Alto, California, following her death in 1944, was re-interred beside him. This article is about the president of the United States. On March 12, 1870, Jesse Hoover, son of Eli and Mary Davis Hoover, married Hulda Minthorn, daughter of Theodore and Mary Wasley Minthorn. [75] Hoover had hoped to join the administration in some capacity since at least 1916, and he obtained the position after lobbying several members of Congress and Wilson's confidant, Edward M. Hoover spoke each [82] As head of the Food Administration, Hoover gained a following in the United States, especially among progressives who saw in Hoover an expert administrator and symbol of efficiency. He encouraged the development of emergency landing fields, required all runways to be equipped with lights and radio beams, and encouraged farmers to make use of planes for crop dusting. Herbert Clark Hoover (August 10, 1874 - October 20, 1964) was an American politician who served as the 31st president of the United States from 1929 to 1933. "Herbert Hoover and the HistoriansRecent Developments: A Review Essay", Jansky Jr, C. M. "The contribution of Herbert Hoover to broadcasting. ", Herbert Brucker, "How Long, O Prohibition? ", Lee, David D. "Herbert Hoover and the Development of Commercial Aviation, 19211926. [292], Hoover Presidential Library located in West Branch, Iowa, Medal depicting Hoover, by Devreese Godefroi, Hoover was inducted into the National Mining Hall of Fame in 1988 (inaugural class). In the midst of the economic crisis, Hoover was decisively defeated by Democratic nominee Franklin D. Roosevelt in the 1932 presidential election. A young Herbert Hoover was initially sent to live with one of his grandmothers. [272][273] He died on October 20, 1964, in New York City following massive internal bleeding. [86] Throughout the Paris Peace Conference, Hoover served as a close adviser to President Wilson, and he largely shared Wilson's goals of establishing the League of Nations, settling borders on the basis of self-determination, and refraining from inflicting a harsh punishment on the defeated Central Powers. Though he did not attend high school, Hoover learned bookkeeping, typing, and mathematics at a night school. [218], Thousands of World War I veterans and their families demonstrated and camped out in Washington, DC, during June 1932, calling for immediate payment of bonuses that had been promised by the World War Adjusted Compensation Act in 1924; the terms of the act called for payment of the bonuses in 1945. "[275] Two months earlier, on August 10, Hoover reached the age of 90, only the second U.S. president (after John Adams) to do so. Herbert had one brother and one sister. In retirement, Theodore bought a large property on the remote north coast of Santa Cruz County. [110][111][112], Hoover was also influential in the early development of air travel, and he sought to create a thriving private industry boosted by indirect government subsidies. He was later sent to live with his paternal uncle Allen for 18 months before being sent to his maternal uncle John Minthorn in Oregon. His lectures at Columbia and Stanford universities were published in 1909 as Principles of Mining, which became a standard textbook. [189] In late 1931, Hoover proposed a tax plan to increase tax revenue by 30 percent, resulting in the passage of the Revenue Act of 1932. June 8, 2022 by Matthew Schaefer, posted in Herbert Hoover. Herbert Clark Hoover was born on August 10, 1874, in West Branch, Iowa-the first U.S. president to be born west of the Mississippi River. Hoover Grandchildren Clippings, 1931 and undated Hoover, Herbert - Correspondence, 1925, 1941-1963 Hoover, Herbert Death - Telegram from Porter, US Army, 1964 Hoover, Herbert, Jr. - Correspondence, 1954-1966 Hoover, Herbert, Jr. - Family Ephemera, 1931-1933, 1957 (White House invitations, tickets, passes, DDE inauguration) [27] In the branded segment "Culture Warrior", she jousted with O'Reilly on a range of topics from entertainment news to popular culture to Hollywood and politics. [51]:9096,101102[52] He also helped increase copper production in Kyshtym, Russia, through the use of pyritic smelting. [100] While some of the most prominent members of the Harding administration, including Attorney General Harry M. Daugherty and Secretary of Interior Albert B. Herbert Clark Hoover (August 10, 1874 October 20, 1964) was an American politician who served as the 31st president of the United States from 1929 to 1933. [31] He convinced Bewick to purchase the Sons of Gwalia gold mine, which proved to be one of the most successful mines in the region. In November 1885, he went to live in Newberg, Oregon with his uncle John Minthorn, whose own son had died the year before. One observer described Hoover as "an orphan [who] seemed to be neglected in many ways". The conferences issued a model Uniform Vehicle Code for adoption by the states and a Model Municipal Traffic Ordinance for adoption by cities. "[273] At the time of his death, Hoover had been out of office for over 31 years (11,553 days all together). Hoover would serve as Secretary of Commerce from 1921 to 1929, serving under Harding and, after Harding's death in 1923, President Calvin Coolidge. . ", Christopher D. McKenna, "Agents of adhocracy: management consultants and the reorganization of the executive branch, 19471949. [210] As president, Hoover largely made good on his pledge made prior to assuming office not to interfere in Latin America's internal affairs. [253] Because of Hoover's experience with Germany at the end of World War I, in 1946 Truman selected the former president to tour Allied-occupied Germany and Rome, Italy to ascertain the food needs of the occupied nations. In September, 1930, Herbert Jr. was diagnosed with tuberculosis and entered a sanatorium in North Carolina. [99], After his election as president in 1920, Harding rewarded Hoover for his support, offering to appoint him as either Secretary of the Interior or Secretary of Commerce. The Hoover family celebrating Christmas in Palo Alto, California. He and his wife lived in Palo Alto until her death in 1944, at which point Hoover began to live permanently at the Waldorf Astoria hotel in New York City. [146] He appointed a Cabinet consisting largely of wealthy, business-oriented conservatives,[147] including Secretary of the Treasury Andrew Mellon. [186] He also helped arrange passage of the GlassSteagall Act of 1932, emergency banking legislation designed to expand banking credit by expanding the collateral on which Federal Reserve banks were authorized to lend. [123] Hoover established over one hundred tent cities and a fleet of more than six hundred vessels, and raised $17 million (equivalent to $265.19million in 2021). Aside from August 10th, his birthday, Herbert Hoover gave more significant speeches on November 11th than on any other day in the calendar. He donated all the files of the Commission for Relief in Belgium, the U.S. Food Administration, and the American Relief Administration, and pledged $50,000 as an endowment (equivalent to $781,478 in 2021). For the ship, see, Hoover later became the first president born west of the. [39] He made recommendations to improve the lot of the Chinese worker, seeking to end the practice of imposing long-term servitude contracts and to institute reforms for workers based on merit. . [128] Despite his lukewarm feelings towards Hoover, Coolidge had no desire to split the party by publicly opposing the popular Commerce Secretary's candidacy. However, Hamilton also notes that Hoover was politically inept and failed to recognize the severity of the Great Depression. [45] He made investments on every continent and had offices in San Francisco; London; New York City; Paris; Petrograd; and Mandalay, British Burma. [239], During a 1938 trip to Europe, Hoover met with Adolf Hitler and stayed at Hermann Gring's hunting lodge. [262], In 1949, New York Governor Thomas E. Dewey offered Hoover the Senate seat vacated by Robert F. Wagner. After a brief stay with one of his grandmothers in Kingsley, Iowa, Herbert lived for the next 18 months with his uncle Allen Hoover in West Branch. [293] His wife was inducted into the hall in 1990. Required fields are marked *. Jesse's blacksmith had grown to be very successful, and in 1878, Jesse Hoover sold the practice to open a farm implement store on the corner of Main and Downey Streets. When the U.S. entered the war in 1917, President Woodrow Wilson appointed Hoover to lead the Food Administration. Hoover Jr. died on July 9, 1969 at his home in Pasadena, California after suffering from a stroke. [136] In the South, Hoover and the national party pursued a "lily-white" strategy, removing black Republicans from leadership positions in an attempt to curry favor with white Southerners. Part 1 -- The Forgotten Crisis For many Americans, 1930 was a year of struggle as the national economy sank into what became the Great Depression. Hoover was honored with a state funeral in which he lay in state in the United States Capitol rotunda. The Germans refused to take responsibility for feeding Belgian citizens in captured territory, and the British refused to lift their blockade of German-occupied Belgium unless the U.S. government-supervised Belgian food imports as a neutral party in the war. [211] Notwithstanding those actions, he wound down the Banana Wars, ending the occupation of Nicaragua and nearly bringing an end to the occupation of Haiti. [124] He did so with the cooperation of African-American leader Robert Russa Moton, who was promised unprecedented influence once Hoover became president. In an early form of shuttle diplomacy, he crossed the North Sea forty times to meet with German authorities and persuade them to allow food shipments. Margaret Ann, the oldest, nicknamed Peggy Ann, was almost three when Hoover was inaugurated in March, 1929; Herbert Hoover III, nicknamed Peter, was 16 months. [84] The United States Food Administration became the American Relief Administration (ARA), and Hoover was charged with providing food to Central and Eastern Europe. Top earners were taxed at 63 percent on their net income, the highest rate since the early 1920s. [107] He endorsed much of Mellon's tax reduction program, but favored a more progressive tax system and opposed the treasury secretary's efforts to eliminate the estate tax. [57] Immediately after earning a promotion in 1898, Hoover cabled Lou Henry, asking her to marry him. [25] Before the 2020 election, she said, "I can't bring myself to vote for Donald Trump", adding that she would "quite likely" vote for Joe Biden instead, as she found the vote a "binary choice". [291] A medicine ball game known as Hooverball is named for Hoover; it was invented by White House physician Admiral Joel T. Boone to help Hoover keep fit while serving as president. Fausold Martin L. and George Mazuzan, eds. Herbert Hoover grew up in a Quaker family and community that valued peace, simplicity, integrity, and service to others. [160] In the days following Black Tuesday, Hoover gathered business and labor leaders, asking them to avoid wage cuts and work stoppages while the country faced what he believed would be a short recession similar to the Depression of 192021. After they established effective control over the new Chinese mining company, Hoover became the operating partner in late 1901. [144] The first major bill that he signed, the Agricultural Marketing Act of 1929, established the Federal Farm Board in order to stabilize farm prices. [125], Hoover quietly built up support for a future presidential bid throughout the 1920s, but he carefully avoided alienating Coolidge, who possibly could have run for another term in the 1928 presidential election. The library is one of thirteen presidential libraries run by the National Archives and Records Administration. [22] She has been profiled in The Advocate as "exactly the brand of straight ally we need right now". Born in an Iowa village in 1874, he grew up in Oregon. [36] According to the National Review, "the reincarnation of Firing Line comes at an interesting time, and a needful one". Though he had risen to prominence as a geologist and mine operator, Hoover focused much of his attention on raising money, restructuring corporate organizations, and financing new ventures. Hoover was orphaned at a young age and sent to live with his uncle in Oregon. [199] The Hoover Administration began a campaign to prosecute illegal immigrants in the United States, which most strongly affected Mexican Americans, especially those living in Southern California. "Three-quarters of the bill will be sent to the average man and the poor," he said in a speech. Obituary: Herbert Hoover Gilbert. He was influential in the development of air travel and radio.