more categories, but there is no intrinsic ordering to the categories. Data Science Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for Data science professionals, Machine Learning specialists, and those interested in learning more about the field. PubMed Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. Multilevel autoregressive models when the number of time points is small. This would allow for more general types of dependence between the two measures, in which even nearby levels show different relationships (e.g. Intensive longitudinal data analyses with dynamic structural equation modeling. Muthn & Muthn. Correlation measures a linear relation (or lack of it) such that one of the variables increases when the other one increases (positive correlation), or one of the variables increases when the other one decreases (negative correlation). *the paper may be behind a paywall. Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, 31(1), 13. Organizational Research Methods, 24(2), 219250. Why ordinal variables can (almost) always be treated as continuous variables: Clarifying assumptions of robust continuous and ordinal factor analysis estimation methods. MIT Press. Conner, T. S., & Barrett, L. F. (2012). (Assuming the method can handle ties well for ordinal data). Ubuntu won't accept my choice of password. Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products. How to find correlation between categorical data and continuous data. LISREL program and FACTOR software could do the polychoric correlation. \right) } \; dx \,dy$$. Assume that n paired observations (Yk, Xk), k = 1, 2, , n are available. Article Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. Elsevier. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 23, 466470. - For discrete variable and one categorical but. Are there any canonical examples of the Prime Directive being broken that aren't shown on screen? Many helpful resources on DSEM exist, though they focus on continuous outcomes while categorical outcomes are omitted, briefly mentioned, or considered as a straightforward extension. A typical way to do that would be to discretize your continuous variable into discrete bins. interval variable. Retrieved from: https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/dynr/. Information matrices in latent-variable models. This means that given knowledge of the probability vector for the categorical random variable, and the standard deviation of $X$, you can derive the vector from any $m-1$ of its elements.). Stack Exchange network consists of 181 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. normally distributed. Mplus Discussion Forum. General methods for monitoring convergence of iterative simulations. He also rips off an arm to use as a sword. Categorical variables can be nominal or ordinal. Unexpected uint64 behaviour 0xFFFF'FFFF'FFFF'FFFF - 1 = 0? Hoffman, L. (2019). An average of a nominal variable does not make much sense because there See also Should types of data (nominal/ordinal/interval/ratio) really be considered types of variables?. I'm evaluating a survey regarding opinions. A purely nominal variable is Is it safe to publish research papers in cooperation with Russian academics? How to force Unity Editor/TestRunner to run at full speed when in background? Then this would be similar to a T-Test in case of Pearson and similar to a U-test in case of Spearman. Why the obscure but specific description of Jane Doe II in the original complaint for Westenbroek v. Kappa Kappa Gamma Fraternity? Which language's style guidelines should be used when writing code that is supposed to be called from another language? What is this brick with a round back and a stud on the side used for? Sometimes you have variables that are in between ordinal and numerical, for Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 27(2), 275297. Haqiqatkhah, M. M., Ryan, O., & Hamaker, E. L. (2022). (Note: It is trivial to show that $\sum_k \mathbb{Cov}(I_k,X) = 0$ and so the correlation vector for a categorical random variable is subject to this constraint. Bolger, N., Davis, A., & Rafaeli, E. (2003). Some of them are numerical and some of them are categorical: I want to know the pairwise correlation between each of these variables. (1935). However, Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. (2018). Stack Exchange network consists of 181 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. Correlation between two ordinal categorical variables. Biases in dynamic models with fixed effects. Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. @Macro Unless I have misunderstood your point, nope. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Why did US v. Assange skip the court of appeal? 2. Accuracy is the mean hitrate over 16 identification trials (16 for each type of fruit). Correlation coefficient for use with nonlinear finite sets, Testing correlation between multiscaled rank-ordered variables. In addition, if one of the variables is dichotomous, that will work the same as an ordinal variable with two levels. Correlation analysis can determine the strength and direction of the relationship between variables, and . Handbook of research methods for studying daily life. is no intrinsic ordering of the levels of the categories. Guilford press. how to measure the correlation between non-normally distributed numeric variable and nominal variable? candidate X systematically won in the poorest zones), but I am not sure on how to calculate correlation between nominal variables. (2023)Cite this article. (or sometimes nominal), or ordinal, or interval. You can then calculate a significance (p) value based on your correlation and sample size. I have a dataset with over 20 variables. Spearman correlation requires the variables be at least ordinal in nature. Your particular use-case is for one discrete and one continuous. Behavior Research Methods. Which reverse polarity protection is better and why? The Open Science Framework project link is https://osf.io/bx72m. What should I follow, if two altimeters show different altitudes? I think what you want to do is to study the link between them. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. Wiley. Twelve frequently asked questions about growth curve modeling. Applying novel technologies and methods to inform the ontology of self-regulation. Analyzing ordinal data with metric models: What could possibly go wrong? Spearman correlation requires the variables be at least ordinal in nature. There is no increase or decrease between "forest" and "wetland" etc., so you cannot measure such linear relation for categorical variable. In MNLFA models, measurement invariance is examined in a single-group confirmatory factor analysis model by . Asparouhov, T. (2020, February 1). This tutorial paper is therefore dedicated to providing an accessible treatment of DSEM in Mplus exclusively for categorical outcomes. Investigating inter-individual differences in short-term intra-individual variability. A continuous variable: the same subjects are asked to quickly identify these fruits, which results in an mean accuracy for the 6 fruits. between - a continuous random variable Y and - a binary random variable X which takes the values zero and one. Computes a heterogenous correlation matrix, consisting of Pearson Unexpected uint64 behaviour 0xFFFF'FFFF'FFFF'FFFF - 1 = 0? Brooks, S. P., & Gelman, A. The difference between categories one and two (elementary and I am doing my bi variate analysis but right now looking to see the correlation between my atributes. rev2023.5.1.43405. document.getElementById( "ak_js" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Department of Statistics Consulting Center, Department of Biomathematics Consulting Clinic, Regression with Stata: Chapter 2 Regression Diagnostics, Regression with SAS: Chapter 2 -Regression Diagnostics, Introduction to Regression with SPSS: Lesson 2 Regression Diagnostics. New blog post from our CEO Prashanth: Community is the future of AI, Improving the copy in the close modal and post notices - 2023 edition, Correlation between different Likert scales, correlation between categorical variables, finding the correlation among categorical, numerical data, How to determine relationship categorical and numerical data, Find correlation between two sets of categorical data, Correlation Analysis (Numerical vs Categorical data) in Google Sheets. ordinal variable, as described below. I don't have strong statistics background, but is there any guarantee $\hat{\mathbb{E}}(X\vert C=k)\geq \hat{\mathbb{E}}(X)$ (which makes correlation unnegative)? Rubin, D. B. Robitzsch, A. Is there any known 80-bit collision attack? Structural Equation Modeling, 28(1), 1527. Is this correct? it doesn't mean anything to calculate the correlation between two variables if they are not quantitative. Browse other questions tagged, Start here for a quick overview of the site, Detailed answers to any questions you might have, Discuss the workings and policies of this site. If $X$ is a continuous random variable and $Y$ is a categorical r.v., the observed correlation between $X$ and $Y$ can be measured by. For example, suppose For example, He also rips off an arm to use as a sword, Horizontal and vertical centering in xltabular, the Allied commanders were appalled to learn that 300 glider troops had drowned at sea, Image of minimal degree representation of quasisimple group unique up to conjugacy. Roughly speaking, Kendall's tau distinguishes itself from Spearman's rho by stronger penalization of non-sequential (in context of the ranked variables) dislocations. Polychoric Correlation: Used to calculate the correlation between ordinal categorical variables. Intensive longitudinal designs are increasingly popular, as are dynamic structural equation models (DSEM) to accommodate unique features of these designs. Rather than integrating over a sum or summing over an integral, I imagine it would be easier to convert one of the variables into the other type. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. Use MathJax to format equations. Psychological Methods, 27(1), 1743. http://faculty.unlv.edu/cstream/ppts/QM722/measuresofassociation.ppt#260,5,Measures of Association for Nominal and Ordinal Variables. For example, a real estate agent . This work was partially supported by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Science of Behavior Change Common Fund Program through awards administered by the National Institute for Drug Abuse (NIDA) (UH2/UH3DA041713). you have a variable such as annual income that is measured in dollars, and we have three (2010). A continuous variable: the same subjects are asked to quickly identify these fruits, which results in an mean accuracy for the 6 fruits. The Bayesian p value reported in Mplus corresponds to the proportion of the posterior distribution on the opposite side of 0 than the posterior summary (the Estimate column in Mplus). On the interpretation of parameters in multivariate multilevel models across different combinations of model specification and estimation. Since you want to determine whether strong agreement is associated with a particular nominal outcome class, you could run polytomous logistic regression with nominal class as the dependent variable and 4 binarized (0,1) dummy variables as predictors, representing the 4 ordinal levels (5-1) with level 1 as the corner point. Behavior Research Methods Annals of Applied Biology, 22(1), 134167. It sounds like "accuracy" would depend on "preference". If we had a video livestream of a clock being sent to Mars, what would we see? Even though we can order these from lowest to highest, the I found two solutions for this: rcorr() and hetcor(). Econometrica, 14171426. Castro-Alvarez, S., Tendeiro, J. N., Meijer, R. R., & Bringmann, L. F. (2022). So, a mixed model could look at that and account for the non-independence of the data. For this reason, and measure of the relationship between a continuous variable and a categorical variable should be based entirely on the indicator variables derived from the latter. educational experience but the size of the difference between categories is inconsistent The code provided in this post would not return any, Correlation between numerical and categorical data in R [duplicate], Correlations with unordered categorical variables, Correlation between a nominal (IV) and a continuous (DV) variable. The relabeling of a 0/1 as 1/11 does nothing to correlations using that var or its linear transformation. Examples of ordinal variables include overall status (poor to excellent), agreement (strongly disagree to strongly agree), and rank (such as sporting teams). Short story about swapping bodies as a job; the person who hires the main character misuses his body. An ordinal variable is similar to a categorical variable. Welcome to CV, thank you for your contribution. Fluctuations in affective states and self-efficacy to resist non-suicidal self-injury as real-time predictors of non-suicidal self-injurious thoughts and behaviors. Categorical Variable. For example, a value of 0.03 for a positive estimate would mean that 3% of the posterior distribution is below 0 (Muthn, 2010 p. 7). Use MathJax to format equations. Google Scholar. Ubuntu won't accept my choice of password. I'd like to estimate the correlation between: An ordinal variable: subjects are asked to rate their preference for 6 types of fruit on a 1-5 scale (ranging from very disgusting to very tasty) On average subjects use only 3 points of the scale. If you are looking for a test of association between two variables, one ordinal and categorical, then the Cochran-Armitage test (which can be extended to more than two categories) is useful. If there were two other people who make \$90,000 and \$95,000, the size What is this brick with a round back and a stud on the side used for? Horizontal and vertical centering in xltabular. Journal of Happiness Studies, 4, 534. Annual Review of Psychology, 62, 583619. Moreover, if you tried to (2023). Psychological Methods. Structural Equation Modeling, 10, 352379. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 23(4), 206213. Categorical canonical correlation analysis with optimal scaling could be used to graphically display the relationship between one set of variables containing job category and years of education and another set of variables containing region of residence and gender. Canadian of Polish descent travel to Poland with Canadian passport. McNeish, D., Somers, J.A. (2008). (2018). I don't know how they are computed using R functions. A categorical variable is effectively just a set of indicator variable. Cross Validated is a question and answer site for people interested in statistics, machine learning, data analysis, data mining, and data visualization. (2018). In 5e D&D and Grim Hollow, how does the Specter transformation affect a human PC in regards to the 'undead' characteristics and spells? Why does the German workbook tell otherwise? Is a downhill scooter lighter than a downhill MTB with same performance? How to examine the relationship between categorical variables with several levels? (2021). https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000443. Centering categorical predictors in multilevel models: Best practices and interpretation. The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Not the answer you're looking for? Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products. Accessed 31 Mar 2023. A comparison of robust continuous and categorical SEM estimation methods under suboptimal conditions. Only the covariance between the intercept of the outcome and the trait-like component of the covariate \({BEA}_i^{(b)}\)must be constrained to 0. terms and explain why they are important. So cor(X,Y) = cor(a+bX,Y) for finite a and b. MathJax reference. To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. Note that this correlation does not require any discretization of the continuous random variable. Understanding between-person interventions with time-intensive longitudinal outcome data: Longitudinal mediation analyses. While rcorr gives me Pearsons's product-moment correlation or Spearman's rho rank correlation including p-values, hetcor() offers me the discrimination into polyserial and polychoric correlations, but no p-values. Many helpful resources on DSEM exist, though they focus on continuous outcomes while categorical outcomes are omitted, briefly mentioned, or considered as a straightforward extension. How should I deal with continuous independent variables in a regression for ordinal dependent variables? Book Browse other questions tagged, Start here for a quick overview of the site, Detailed answers to any questions you might have, Discuss the workings and policies of this site. Ecological momentary assessment: What it is and why it is a method of the future in clinical psychopharmacology. Thanks for contributing an answer to Cross Validated! Agresti, A. Can I use the spell Immovable Object to create a castle which floats above the clouds? A boy can regenerate, so demons eat him for years. ARMA-based SEM when the number of time points T exceeds the number of cases N: Raw data maximum likelihood. even if the distribution of the individual observations is not normal, the distribution of Psychological Methods. Smyth, J. M., & Stone, A. Nelson, B. W., & Allen, N. B. The workbook is trying to say, "If at least one of your variables is ordinal, and not continuous, then you want use Spearman correlation rather than Pearson.". Plausible values for latent variables using Mplus. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. \right) }$$, For two continuous variables we integrate rather than taking the sum: $$I(X;Y) = \int_Y \int_X He also rips off an arm to use as a sword. According to this paper* "Measures of Association: How to Choose?" Stroe-Kunold, E., Gruber, A., Stadnytska, T., Werner, J., & Brosig, B. Horizontal and vertical centering in xltabular. http://faculty.unlv.edu/cstream/ppts/QM722/measuresofassociation.ppt#260,5,Measures, New blog post from our CEO Prashanth: Community is the future of AI, Improving the copy in the close modal and post notices - 2023 edition, Correlation with no numeric and numeric variable, correlation between a continuous and a binary variable, Correlation between a nominal (IV) and a continuous (DV) variable, Using mutual information to estimate correlation between a continuous variable and a categorical variable. De Boeck, P., & Wilson, M. (2004). Bayesian analysis of binary and polychotomous response data. Second, it captures nonlinear dependency. (2021). My German workbook names the following condition for a Spearman rank correlation without further explanation: "At least one variable is ordinal-scaled and/or not normally distributed.". [1]: Source: Olsson, U., Drasgow, F., & Dorans, N. J. Boolean algebra of the lattice of subspaces of a vector space? Springer. Moskowitz, D. S., & Young, S. N. (2006). If you want a correlation matrix of categorical variables, you can use the following wrapper function (requiring the 'vcd' package): catcorrm <- function (vars, dat) sapply (vars, function (y) sapply (vars, function (x) assocstats (table (dat [,x], dat [,y]))$cramer)) Where: vars is a string vector of categorical variables you want to correlate Trull, T. J., & Ebner-Priemer, U. But I think the spacing between the ordered categories is assumed equal unless otherwise specified. Correlation is insensitive to linear transformations. Both of these have enough levels that you could just treat them as continuous variables, and use Pearson or Spearman correlation. Ordinal regression models in psychology: A tutorial. User without create permission can create a custom object from Managed package using Custom Rest API. 1: Not at all satisfied; 10: Completely satisfied 2nd variable is: Satisfaction with the availability of information for the service" 1: Not at all satisfied; 10: Completely satisfied. (*QLU0CWvBmJg1J8]+2*w-'6wy"9'x?@6:N+6i~IajpGi46`)V\=C-J0q}l[p$ddXV_I5s,MF)x*~HS:]R\cEL,/0YYUv>x7x~_08\.i|sYrH'z@CCpheE\X:Kn:_yso+C(nVS[i.\OelqaEo wuD]9\Zse`KmQ8a It's data are arranged in a contingency table. Dynamic structural equation models with binary and ordinal outcomes in Mplus. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. (2020). The role of ambulatory assessment in psychological science. Use integers to code categorical variables (nominal or ordinal scaling level . How to force Unity Editor/TestRunner to run at full speed when in background? This is really the only sense in which it makes sense to talk about 'correlation' for a categorical random variable. However, I have been told that it is not right. have a dependent variable that is normally distributed and predictors that are all Kim, C. J., & Nelson, C. R. (1999). I agree fully with @gung, you might also want to look at, Ok, thanks for your replies. college graduate). Psychological Methods, 12(3), 283297. Passing negative parameters to a wolframscript, one or more moons orbitting around a double planet system. means will be normally distributed when the sample size is 30 or more, for example Multilevel structural equation modeling for intensive longitudinal data: A practical guide for personality researchers. do I have to create class for my money amount? You might be interested in looking at some ideas from information theory. Retrieved from https://www.statmodel.com/download/IntroBayesVersion%203.pdf. That is, they can be ordinal (ordered category), or continuous (interval or ratio). Kiekens, G., Hasking, P., Nock, M. K., Boyes, M., & Kirtley, O., & Claes, L. (2020). Dynamic latent class analysis. Ram, N., & Gerstorf, D. (2009). Now I check for relations/similarities between the variables. Inference from iterative simulation using multiple sequences. Can I use an 11 watt LED bulb in a lamp rated for 8.6 watts maximum? The multilevel latent covariate model: A new, more reliable approach to group-level effects in contextual studies. values are the same, then we would not be able to say that this is an interval variable, If you have parametric information on $X$ then you could estimate the correlation vector directly by maximum likelihood or some other technique. For example, using the hsb2 data file we can run a correlation between two continuous variables, read and write. No time like the present: Discovering the hidden dynamics in intensive longitudinal data. @Tomas, if you do that, the estimated strength of the relationship depends on how you've decided to label the points, which is kind of scary :). Structural Equation Modeling, 28(4), 622637. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-023-02107-3, https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03774433?term=marsch&draw=2&rank=3, http://www.statmodel.com/discussion/messages/24588/27731.html?1580727445, https://www.statmodel.com/download/Plausible.pdf, https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2022.2074422, http://www.statmodel.com/download/PDSEM.pdf, https://www.statmodel.com/download/IntroBayesVersion%203.pdf, https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/dynr/, https://doi.org/10.3389/fdgth.2022.798895, https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-022-01898-1. Wang, L. P., Hamaker, E., & Bergeman, C. S. (2012). You would then have six results. So there is no correlation with ordinal variables or nominal variables because correlation is a measure of association between scale variables. +1 for treating as continuous but chi-squared test misses ordinality. To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. larger. Are there more appropriate tests to identify relations between the variables? categorical where categories can be ordered in a meaningful way. color. Please add the full references of your links in case they die in the future. What is Wario dropping at the end of Super Mario Land 2 and why? In general you will. But I tried to summarize the essence in my post. product-moment correlations between numeric variables, polyserial Journal of the American Statistical Association, 91(434), 473489. Why did US v. Assange skip the court of appeal? Now I'm looking for another appropriate test to test relations between the variables with the following properties: I considered Mann Whitney U test and Kruskall-Wallis test. rev2023.5.1.43405. To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. when a population is non-normally distributed, the distribution of the sample I am not sure if my implementation is correct. Asparouhov, T., & Muthn, B. of that interval between these two people is also the same (\$5,000). There is no guarantee that correlation is non-negative, so don't worry if you are getting some negative values. http://www.statmodel.com/discussion/messages/24588/27731.html?1580727445. We thank Linda Muthn for clarifying and confirming this. If you have a large number of items in your ordinal variable, Spearman correlation would work well. What's the cheapest way to buy out a sibling's share of our parents house if I have no cash and want to pay less than the appraised value? Estimating the indicator correlations from sample data is simple, and can be done by substitution of appropriate estimates for each of the parts. I mistaken correlation for $R^2$. What are the arguments for/against anonymous authorship of the Gospels. You can juse bin them to numerical bins [1 - 5] as long as you are sure you're doing this to ordinal variables and not nominal ones. a very basic, you can find that the correlation between: - Discrete variables were calculated Spearman correlation coefficient. Ambulatory assessment--Monitoring behavior in daily life settings: A behavioral-scientific challenge for psychology. Catching Up on Multilevel Modeling. Statistical computations and analyses assume that the variables have a specific levels To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. There is a risk, however, of over-relying on MCA when the data suggest . A boy can regenerate, so demons eat him for years. Before, I had computed it using the Spearman's . Copy the n-largest files from a certain directory to the current one. Skewness and staging: Does the floor effect induce bias in multilevel AR (1) models?. Did the drapes in old theatres actually say "ASBESTOS" on them? I implemented your approach with some synthetic data, it turns out that some correlations are negative. Is there a generic term for these trajectories? correlation ordinal-data association-measure Share Cite Improve this question Follow Problems computing standardized estimates [Discussion post]. De Haan-Rietdijk, S., Voelkle, M. C., Keijsers, L., & Hamaker, E. L. (2017). There was no preregistration for this paper because models were illustrative to demonstrate the method and contextualize the code and were not intended to address research hypotheses. He also rips off an arm to use as a sword. McNeish, D., & Hamaker, E. L. (2020). Stress, sleep, and coping self-efficacy in adolescents. A. Would it be possible a numerical example provided in your answer? How a top-ranked engineering school reimagined CS curriculum (Ep. What are the advantages of running a power tool on 240 V vs 120 V? Image by author. We can then define $\mathbb{Corr}(C,X) \equiv (\mathbb{Corr}(I_1,X), , \mathbb{Corr}(I_m,X))$ as the vector of correlation values for each category of the categorical random variable. ), Handbook of personality dynamics and processes (pp. I would use rcorr with Pearson which has the advantage of also including p-values, but I am not sure if it qualifies for this sort of data. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Methodological), 42(2), 109127. @ttnphns Thanks - in that case I will tag it also. Psychological Methods, 17, 567581. If the variable has a clear ordering, then that variable would be an Bayesian analysis in Mplus: A brief introduction. people who make \$10,000, \$15,000 and \$20,000. There are different ways to do this . By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. This is a variable that can take on a limited number of values or categories. For a moment, let's ignore the continuous/discrete issue. An interval variable is similar to an ordinal variable, except that the intervals Walls, T. A., & Schafer, J. L. Time-structured and net intraindividual variability: Tools for examining the development of dynamic characteristics and processes. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. (2006). NeuroImage, 65, 310319. To center or not to center? Ldtke, O., Marsh, H. W., Robitzsch, A., Trautwein, U., Asparouhov, T., & Muthn, B. It only takes a minute to sign up. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Furthermore, categorical outcomes are common given that binary behavioral indicators or Likert responses are frequently solicited as low-burden variables to discourage participant non-response. If you want to take a different approach, you could get complex and look at a multilevel model, with subject being repeated. Is my method for determining any sort of correlation between an ordinal variable and a continuous variable correct? Structural Equation Modeling, 25(3), 359388. Accessed 31 Mar 2023. have a variable, economic status, with three categories (low, medium and high). Adding EV Charger (100A) in secondary panel (100A) fed off main (200A). rev2023.5.1.43405. (2005). Biometrika, 85(2), 347361. Ecological momentary assessment research in behavioral medicine. Accessed 31 Mar 2023. Could a subterranean river or aquifer generate enough continuous momentum to power a waterwheel for the purpose of producing electricity? Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 50(3), 485505.